In response, government ministers approved the cull of up to 100,000 badgers thought to be responsible for harbouring the disease.
The move provoked the largest animal rights protest since
those over fox hunting in the 1990s. Dr Brian May, particle physicist and lead
guitarist for the popular rock group Queen, set up an e-petition to ‘stop the
badger cull’. When over 155,000 people signed it prompted a parliamentary
debate.
It was Australian philosopher Peter Singer who popularised
the term ‘speciesism’ in his 1975 book ‘Animal Liberation’ which many regard as
giving the animal rights movement its intellectual basis.
In a landmark article titled ‘Sanctity of Life or Quality of
Life?’, published in the influential American Journal ‘Paediatics’ in 1983, he
wrote:
'We can no longer base our ethics on the idea that human
beings are a special form of creation, made in the image of God...Once the
religious mumbo-jumbo surrounding the term 'human' has been stripped away, we
may continue to see normal members of our species as possessing greater
qualities of rationality, self-consciousness, communication and so on than
members of any other species, but we will not regard as sacrosanct the life of
every member of our species, no matter how limited its capacity for intelligent
or even conscious life may be... If we can put aside the obsolete and erroneous
notion of the sanctity of all human life, we may start to look at human life as
it really is, at the quality of human life that each human being has or can achieve.'
To Singer and many influential thinkers like him, man is
nothing but the product of matter, chance and time in a godless universe;
merely a highly specialised animal. The value of an individual human being is
determined by his or her level of rationality, self-consciousness, physical
attributes or capacity for relationships.
This view has led him controversially to support human
embryo research, abortion, infanticide and euthanasia.
There is an element of truth in what Singer says. Humans are
living beings with body plans and physiological functions that are very similar
to many other living creatures. In fact we share over 98% of our DNA – our
genetic programming – with chimpanzees.
But Jesus Christ taught that we are different from animals.
Human beings are made in God’s image. Animals are not. This
does not mean that we don’t share some characteristics with animals. We do.
Both animals and humans are made of flesh and blood out of inanimate matter,
‘from the dust of the ground’ (Genesis 2:7). We have body plans and organ
systems (anatomy), functions (physiology) and complex cellular activity
(biochemistry). But we are also unique in being made in God’s image.
Human beings are fundamentally different from all the other
beings of God’s creation.
The Bible says that ‘the righteous care for the needs of
their animals’ (Proverbs 12:10). This is what God himself does (Psalms
104:10-18). But Jesus also said that people were far more valuable than birds
and sheep (Matthew 6:26, 12:12) and on one occasion he sent 2,000 pigs to their
deaths in order to restore the sanity of one demon possessed man! (Mark 5:1-20)
Jesus was, in other words, unashamedly ‘speciesist’. The
clue as to why he was can be found in a well-known encounter he had with some
of his opponents.
When the Pharisees tried to trap him by asking whether it
was right to pay the imperial tax to Caesar Jesus asked them
to show him a coin. They brought him a denarius, and he asked them, ‘Whose
image is this? And whose inscription?’
When they replied ‘Caesar’s’, he said, ‘So give back to
Caesar what is Caesar’s, and to God what is God’s.’
When we read this familiar story we are drawn to focus on
the coin, but Jesus’ comments uncover a much deeper question. If a denarius
bears the image of Caesar, then what is it that bears the image of God? Because
the thing that bears the image of God belongs to God and must be given to him.
The Bible begins with the four majestic words ‘In the
beginning God…’.
At the end of the creation narrative in Genesis 1 God
creates the animals:
‘God made the wild
animals according to their kinds, the livestock according to their kinds,
and all the creatures that move along the ground according to their
kinds. And God saw that it was good.’ (Genesis 1:25)
But then in the next verse he reaches the crowning point in
his whole creative process:
‘Then God said, “Let
us make mankind in our image, in our likeness, so that they
may rule over the fish in the sea and the birds in the sky, over the
livestock and all the wild animals, and over all the
creatures that move along the ground.” So God created mankind in his
own image, in the image of God he created them; male and female he
created them.’
It is human beings – both male and female – who are made in
the image of God and who therefore belong to God and should be given to God.
This was the point ironically lost on the Pharisees in Jesus’ encounter over
the coin. They had refused to give themselves to God despite belonging to him.
Of course everything in the universe belongs to God (Psalms
24:1), even Caesar’s coins, but in all God’s creation only human beings are
made in God’s image and have a special status that no other part of creation
enjoys.
This has huge implications for the way we should treat human
beings.
